To investigate T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in the setting of acute kidney injury, the gene encoding the master regulator of Th17 cell differentiation, that is, RAR-related orphan receptor-γ (RORγT), was mutated in Lewis rats using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In response to 40 min of bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), RAR-related orphan receptor C () rats were resistant to injury relative to wild-type rats. This protection was associated with inhibition of IL-17 expression and reduced infiltration of CD4 cells, CD8 cells, B cells, and macrophages. To evaluate the effect of Th17 cells on repair, ischemia was increased to 50 min in rats. This maneuver equalized the initial level of injury in and rats 1 to 2 days post-I/R based on serum creatinine values. However, rats, but not rats, failed to successfully recover renal function and had high mortality by 4 days post-I/R. Histological assessment of kidney tubules showed evidence of repair by post-I/R in rats but persistent necrosis and elevated cell proliferation in rats. Adoptive transfer of CD4 cells from the spleen of rats or supplementation of exogenous rIL-17 by an osmotic minipump improved renal function and survival of rats following 50 min of I/R. This was associated with a relative decrease in the number of M-type macrophages and a relative increase in the percentage of T regulatory cells. Taken together, these data suggest that Th17 cells have both a deleterious and a beneficial role in kidney injury and recovery, contributing to early postischemic injury and inflammation but also possibly being critical in the resolution of inflammation during kidney repair.